Cinema of the World A comprehensive library of Arthouse.Cult. Movie Request; Harmony Korine – Julien Donkey-Boy (1999) in 1991-2000, Arthouse, Dogma Films, Drama, Harmony. Daddy is not dear in Julien’s world. His father listens to blues wearing a gas mask; dad prods, lectures, and derides Julien as well as Julien’s brother. 0 Lou Lumenick New York Post A mind-numbing piece of would-be provocation from the button-pushing Harmony Korine, Trash Humpers gets no stars from me -- not because it's offensive and disgusting like his earlier 'Gummo' and 'Julien Donkey-Boy,' but because it's about as enervating a way to waste 78 minutes as I've ever experienced.
Napoleon’s favourite clothes Napoleon’s early uniforms Napoleon donned his first uniform in 1785, when he graduated at age 16 from the military school in Paris and was commissioned as a second lieutenant of artillery. According to his friend Laure Junot, “on the day when he first put on his uniform, he was as vain as young men usually are on such an occasion. There was one part of his dress which had a very droll appearance; that was his boots. They were so high and wide that his little thin legs seemed buried in their amplitude.” Laure’s sister Cecile called him a “puss in boots.” (1). Napoleon as First Consul, by Antoine-Jean Gros, 1802 In 1804, Napoleon was.
Napoleon’s funeral carriage crossing the Place de la Concorde, by Jacques Guiaud Le retour des cendres Although Britain regarded its custody of Napoleon’s body as temporary, French King and his successor, had no desire to revive Bonapartist sentiments by bringing the Emperor’s remains to France. Even after 1830, when Charles X was overthrown and, the Duke of Orleans, became King of the French, there was little official appetite for Napoleon’s return.
It took the pressure of historian, who in 1840 was serving as French prime minister and foreign minister, to convince a reluctant Louis Philippe to support the repatriation of Napoleon’s remains. Thiers was writing a 20-volume history of the Consulate and Empire. He regarded the “ retour des cendres” (return of the ashes) as an opportunity to rehabilitate the period’s reputation, unite the French people, and increase the government’s popularity. In the autumn of 1840, an expedition led by King Louis Philippe’s son, the, was sent to St. Helena to retrieve Napoleon’s remains (see “”). On November 30, La Belle Poule reached Cherbourg in France.
On December 10, Napoleon’s casket was transferred to a steamboat, La Normandie, which ferried it to Val-de-la-Haye, near Rouen. Here the casket was transferred to the foredeck of a smaller steamboat, La Dorade, capable of navigating the shallow bits of the Seine. On December 14, La Dorade and its accompanying flotilla moored at Courbevoie, a village four miles northwest of Paris. The Landing at Courbevoie. Napoleon in 1814, by Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier, 1862 In 1812, a case went to trial in England involving a wager on Napoleon Bonaparte’s life. Ten years earlier, Sir Mark Masterman Sykes had rashly committed to pay Reverend Robert Gilbert one guinea per day as long as Napoleon lived.
Famous at the time, the case raised the question: was it legal to bet on the assassination of a national enemy? The wager Sir Mark Masterman Sykes was born on August 20, 1771. Descended from a line of wealthy Yorkshire traders turned landowners, he was educated at Oxford. In 1795-96, he served as High Sheriff of Yorkshire. In September 1801, upon the death of his father, Sykes inherited the title of baronet and the estate of, 25 miles northeast of York.
On Saturday, May 29, 1802, Sykes and his wife hosted a dinner party for friends. After the ladies retired from the table, the bottle was liberally passed around and the conversation turned to European politics. Napoleon Bonaparte – whom the had recently voted to make Consul for Life – was thought to be in a precarious situation.
Sykes and his friends were likely influenced by newspaper reports such as this: The situation of Bonaparte at the present moment is beyond doubt extremely critical. It is easy to conceive thatit would not have been easy for him to reconcile his military followers to the tranquil obscurity and the torpid poverty of a peace establishment.
That, should, in the littleness of their present lives, become dissatisfied with the prize they hold in the lottery of the Revolution, compared with that of others, is extremely probable. Indeed it may be questioned whether any class of the people are very eager to indulge Bonaparte in this object. (1) Some of the company expressed the opinion that attempts would be made to.
Sykes said he considered Napoleon’s life to be in such great danger that if anyone would give him 100 (equivalent to 105 pounds sterling), he would pay them one guinea per day for the rest of Napoleon’s life. Reverend Robert Gilbert, Rector of the local parish of Settrington, immediately said, “Will you, Sir Mark? I’ll take you – done!” Sykes appeared surprised and somewhat displeased that the offer was so hastily accepted. The others cried out, “No bet, no bet.” Observing the general displeasure, Gilbert said to Sykes, “If you will ask me as a favour, I will let you off.” Sykes replied “that he would not ask any favour or make any concessions at his own table, or in his own house.” His lawyer later explained that Sykes “felt that he could not lay himself under a pecuniary obligation to a person who had entrapped him in consequence of a hasty expression.” (2) On Monday, May 31, Robert Gilbert paid Mark Masterman Sykes 100 guineas. Thereafter, Sykes paid Gilbert a guinea a day, usually in weekly amounts of 7 guineas.
He continued the payments until December 25, 1804. In 1805, Sykes asked a friend to call upon Gilbert and relay the message that he would give £500 to have the bet cancelled. By then Gilbert had received a total of £970 from Sykes. Gilbert said he would refer the question to the. Sykes heard nothing more from Gilbert and assumed the matter was settled. Bust of Napoleon, after a model by Antonio Canova, circa 1808-1814. Source: Metropolitan Museum of Art, Bequest of Roger Prigent, 2015 In the years after Napoleon Bonaparte’s 1815 defeat at the, London hosted numerous exhibits related to the fallen French Emperor.
Napoleon’s carriage was displayed, his battles formed the subjects of, the events of his life were depicted, and his portrait and various effects appeared on show. The oddest exhibit was a girl with Napoleon in her eyes.
A sort of miracle The girl was named Josephine Louis. She was born around 1825 to a peasant family in the Lorraine region of France. By the time she was two and a half years old, Josephine was the talk of Paris.
It is said that her eyes exhibit in distinct letters, which grow in size as she advances in age, the words ‘NAPOLEON EMPEREUR,’ in capitals. The word Napoleon is above, and the word Empereur below the sight of the eye, which is a lively blue.
She has been visited by the most eminent anatomists who were unable to detect any deception in appearance. The fact seems to be strongly attested; and is of course, wholly unaccounted for. The people seem to look upon it as a sort of miracle; while the more reflecting regard it merely as one of those sports of nature, which are so fantastic, and at times so amazing. (1) and were among the learned men who examined her.
A letter printed in the London Medical Gazette, dated Paris, May 26, 1828, observed: There appears to be no doubt that the effect is natural, and not, as you suppose, by the operation of tattooing, or puncture. (2) The described the cause to which the parents attributed their daughter’s unusual eyes.
In 1828, or perhaps it was in 1827, a little girl of two years old was brought to me with bright blue eyes which seemed in no way remarkable at first sight. When, however, the eyes were examined more carefully, it was seen that the iris was composed of little filaments forming white letters on a blue background placed around the pupil, and making the words ‘Napoleon Emperor.’ The word ‘Napoleon’ was equally distinct in either eye; the first letters of the word ‘Emperor’ were indistinct in one eye and the last letters in the other. The little girl was very pretty, and seemed to enjoy excellent sight. Her mother, who was a Lorraine peasant, told me very simply what she considered to be the cause of this strange freak of nature.
A brother, to whom she was deeply attached, had drawn a bad number in the conscription, and as he went away had given her a newly-struck coin of, asking her to keep it in memory of him. A short time afterwards she learnt that his regiment was passing three leagues away from her village, and she went to the spot to see him for a moment. As she returned she was exhausted with fatigue and thirst, and stopped at a tavern half way upon her road to drink a glass of beer. When it was necessary to pay, she perceived that she had given her brother all the money she had upon her, and had nothing left but the precious coin of twenty sous, which she always carried upon her person. She asked for credit, but the inn-keeper was pitiless. She therefore sacrificed her poor treasure with regrets, and came home in despair.
Her tears flowed incessantly. The next Sunday her husband went in search of the coin, and succeeded in restoring it to her. When he brought it back, her joy was so keen that the child leaped in her womb, and, in her own words, she left ‘faint with delight.’ The little girl bore in her eyes the inscription upon the coin. I have no intention of writing a physiological treatise to explain the possibility of this fact; I merely affirm that I have seen it, and that any fraud was impossible. The doctor in the neighbouring village had proposed to show the child for money, and the mother accompanied him. The Government objected to any public performance, advertisements were not permitted, and their stay at Paris was cut short. A silver franc from 1810 with the inscription “NAPOLEON EMPEREUR” The Countess must have garbled the tale, as it is impossible for a Napoleonic coin to have been freshly minted at the time of the mother’s pregnancy – a decade into the Bourbon restoration.
More simply, newspapers reported that “the mother of the child lost a favourite brother during the late war, who, on his departure for the army, gave her a franc-piece as a keepsake, which piece she used to be continually looking at when pregnant with this present child.” (4) Exhibit at the Royal Bazaar What the Countess did get right is that the government of would not allow the little girl to be exhibited in Paris. Thus, in July 1828, Josephine’s parents took her on a steamship to London. The Marchioness of Downshire is to show the child to the King before the public can see her; the parents have letters to all the chief medical men in London, and to his Royal Highness the Duke of Sussex, who had been previously made acquainted with this most surprising phenomenon. (5) By August, the girl with Napoleon in her eyes was on display for a fee at the on Oxford Street. The Bazaar had opened just a few months earlier, under the proprietorship of silversmith Thomas Hamlet. He billed it as “the most elegant and splendid establishment in London, having constantly on sale a brilliant assortment of fashionable articles of every description at the very lowest prices.” (6) It also showed dioramas.
An ad for the Royal Bazaar exhibit of the girl with Napoleon in her eyes, The Morning Post (London), August 19, 1828 We have just seen, at the Royal Bazaar, the little Josephine, from Paris, on whose eyes are inscribed the words Napoleon Empereur and Empereur Napoleon; and certainly it is (not to pun) a very extraordinary sight. The child is a pretty and lively girl, of about three years of age, with a rather capacious forehead, and light, or we should say, not very dark, blue eyes. Radiating about the pupil of each in the iris, removed a small distance from the pupil, and almost touching the outward circle, appear the characters alluded to. In the left eye, the word Napoleon is uppermost; in the right, the word Empereur.
The colour of the letters is almost white, but shot through, like what is called silk, by the blue of the crystalline humour. This, and the motion of the eye, renders the whole inscription a little indistinct; but such parts as NAP and other separate letters are tolerably obvious, without the slightest aid from the imagination of the beholder. (7) At first sight of the child the letters appear like rays, which render the eyes very vivacious and sparkling. The accuracy of the inscriptions is much assisted by the stillness of the eye, on its being directed upwards, as to an object on the ceiling of the room, &c.; and with this aid the several letters may be traced with the naked eye. (8) Not everyone was immediately able to discern the inscription. A casual observer would doubtless notice that the appearance of the organ was unusual, but it would not be without a minute investigation that he would be able to trace the letters forming the name described, and even then, allowance must then be made for a fanciful imagination. Upon looking as attentively as we were able, we certainly think we could trace the letters EMP and NAP, but visitors will be grievously deceived if they expect to find them as distinct as the letters upon their direction cards.
(9) At least one poor fellow couldn’t see it at all. Maniac Ravings or Little Boney in a strong fit by James Gillray, 1803. British caricatures like this one contributed to the myth that Napoleon was short. Napoleon was 5’6” – 5’7” (168-170 cm) tall, which was slightly above average for Frenchmen of his time. The myth about Napoleon being short arose because the British liked to portray their French enemy as “little Boney.” And since Napoleon was often surrounded by soldiers from his Imperial Guard, who were above average height, he appeared short in comparison. At his autopsy, Napoleon measured 5’2”, but that was in French inches, which were larger than British and American inches. See “” by Margaret Rodenberg.
Napoleon crossed the bridge at Arcole. A surgical operation to remove a malignant tumour from a man’s left breast and armpit in a Dublin drawing room, 1817. Source: Wellcome Images Dock root Yellow dock is a herb traditionally used as a medicine by Native Americans. Its root is recommended by herbalists as a general health tonic, as a remedy for mild anemia and various skin conditions, and as a laxative. In the early 1800s, dock root was one of many plant-based concoctions claimed to be successful in treating cancer. Take the narrow-leafed dock root and boil it in water till it be quite soft, then bathe the part affected in the decoction as hot as can be borne, three or four times a day; the root must then be mashed and applied as a poultice.
This root has proved an effectual cure in many instances; it was first introduced by an Indian woman who came to the house of a person in the country who was much afflicted with a cancer in her mouth. The Indian went out and soon returned with a root, which she boiled and applied as above, and in a short time a cure was effected. Daniel Brown’s father having had a cancer in his head, had it cut out and apparently healed; but some of the roots remaining, it again broke out; his doctor then informed him that nothing more could be done, except burning it out with hot irons, this being too harsh a remedy to submit to, he was much discouraged. The dock root was soon after recommended and it cured him in a short time. (1) Turkish figs Figs were another recommended cancer treatment, both (one assumes) because of their laxative effect, and because a fig poultice was thought to have healing properties – something that is mentioned in the Bible.
The following recipe for the cure of cancer is recommended upon very respectable authority, as an easy, cheap, and simple remedy. Boil the finest Turkey figs in new milk, which they will thicken by being boiled in it.
When they are tender, split and apply them as warm as they can be borne to the part affected, whether it be broken or whole, and the part must be washed every time the poultice is changed with some of the milk. Remember always to use a fresh poultice night and morning, and at least once more in the day. And drink a quart or a pint of the milk that the figs are boiled in, twice in the twenty-four hours, if the stomach will bear it. This course must be steadily observed for three or four months at least.
The cure of the old man who died at the age of one hundred and five was effected with about six pounds of figs only. The cancer, which began at a corner of his mouth, had eaten through his jaw, cheek and halfway down his throat; yet was so perfectly cured as never to show any tendency to return. But on any such appearance, the figs should be again applied. (2) Dough and hog’s lard Monsieur Ruelle published in the papers a receipt of a far less painful and more speedy cure of cancer in three days and without surgical operation. ‘This remedy,’ says he, ‘consists simply in a piece of dough, about the size of a small hen’s egg, and a lump of hog’s lard, the older the better, of the same dimensions.
These substances thoroughly mixed, so as to form a kind of salve, must be spread on a piece of white leather and applied to the diseased part.’ In confirmation of the efficacy of this remedy, M. Ruelle cites Mademoiselle Chaumero, mother to the bookseller of that name, in the Palais Royal, who was about to under the usual operation of excision, when a woman who had been cured by his application informed her of it.
She joyfully availed herself of this remedy, and, as the Journal de Paris asserts, was completely cured in the space of three days. (3) Lead and brimstone Although poisonous, lead was used as a medicine for some 2000 years. Combined with brimstone (sulphur) and injected into the tumour, it was touted as a cancer treatment in the 19th century. Melt as much lead as would make a large rifle bullet, and while boiling over the fire stir brimstone in it until it becomes a fine flour, and the lead disappears; then scarify the top of the cancer, so that the powder, thus formed by the lead and brimstone, can get at the roots of the cancer; then cover it with a linen rag, and keep it dry, apply it once or twice a day, as occasion may require, until the cancer is cured.
With the above remedy I have cured many persons, and have never failed in a single instance, and have full confidence in recommending it to my fellow-citizens, throughout the union. Editors of papers, friendly to the cause of humanity, will give this an insertion in their respective journals. (4) The red-hot iron Napoleon’s famous battlefield surgeon, also applied his skill to the treatment of cancer. One suspects the following operation was more painful than reported (see conducted by Larrey).
Larrey, the celebrated French surgeon, has recently performed an extraordinary cure of a cancer in the lower jaw of a girl of 12 years of age, which occupied nearly the whole extent of the right lateral part of the bone. Such a case had been long regarded as absolutely beyond the reach of the surgical art. Amputation has been tried in such cases, and failed. Larrey, after making an excision of the fungous portion of the bone, had recourse to fire, which he has employed with good effect in very many desperate cases. It was the actual cautery which he used, and which was attended with complete success; affording every reason to hope that it may be repeated in similar cases with similar effect. The young patient was obliged to undergo the application of the red-hot iron 40 or 50 times; but these applications were far less painful that might be at first imagined. The child came on foot, accompanied by her mother, to Mr.
Larrey’s house, and commonly returned in the same manner. She uttered not a single cry during the operation, and confessed that she suffered very little from it.
She is now perfectly cured. (5) Mesmerism Mesmerism, also known as, was a popular 19th century therapy that involved the rebalancing within the body of an invisible force or fluid that was said to permeate the universe.
Mesmerism combined aspects of hypnotism. The case of cure of a true cancer of the female breast with mesmerismis one of the most important papers ever published in the annals of medical science, demonstrating as it does that the curative powers of mesmerism exceed those of any other therapeutic agent with which mankind has as yet become acquainted. ‘The disease cured was,’ says Dr. Elliotson, ‘malignant and structural, and such as the art of medicine has never been known to cure, nor the powers of nature to shake off.’ The patient, Miss Barber, is a dress-maker. She first applied to Dr. Elliotson on the 6th of March, 1843, and at that time was labouring under decided cancer in a state of schirrus.
Elliotson proposed mesmerism to her, with a view of rendering her insensible to the pain of the surgical operation for the removal of the part, and accordingly she placed herself under his care. Elliotson took her in hand himself, and produced a state of sleep-waking, and by the constant, and assiduous, and scientific application of mesmerism, for upwards of five years, succeeded in dissipating painlessly and imperceptibly, but perfectly and completely, the diseased mass, thus for the first time, in the history of the medical profession, curing cancer.
(6) Electricity By the 1870s, electricity was being applied to tumours. A New York paper gives an account of the removal of a large erectile tumor from the neck of by means of electricity. ‘The General having been placed completely under the influence of ether, four large darning needles were inserted in the tumor, which was almost perfectly solid, and the full force of a powerful electric battery was applied.
In thirty minutes the swelling began to disappear, and in two hours, during which the General was perfectly unconscious, it was entirely removed. The operation was completely prostrating, but perfectly satisfactory to the General and his friends; and the surgeons have no doubt of his speedy recovery. The electricity thrown into Gen. Kilpatrick’s system during the time the battery was applied was sufficient to burn a piece of coal the size of a marble.’ Last February we published an account of the cure of a cancer by the use of electricity, by Dr.
Rae, now in Empire. The circumstances were related to us by the patient, Judge T.T. Davis, of Syracuse, New York. After having the cancer removed three times by the knife without permanent cure, Mr. Davis applied to a Russian electrician in New York. This electrician thrust several needles into the cancer, and applied the electrodes of a galvanic battery.
Under this treatment the cancer disappeared, but as the operation was a painful one, he desisted a while and returned home. He then met Dr. Rae, who at once applied electricity in a new way. He constructed electrodes, we believe from coins, attached to the poles of the battery, wrapped these in moist clothes, and applied to parts of the body in such a manner that the electrical current must pass through the cancer. A daily application for several days resulted in dispersing the cancer across the center thus cutting it in two. The electrodes were then applied differently so as to cause the currents to pass through the tumor in different directions until it had entirely disappeared.
It for some time continued to reappear on different parts of his body, but when any enlargement of muscle appeared electricity was immediately applied, until all indications of cancer disappeared. (7) How many patients were cured? Despite reports of individual recoveries or remissions, most cancer patients did not fare well. In 1854, the reported that out of 650 cases to the end of last year, something like 90 of the out-patients have had their disease arrested or relieved; and of the in-patients about 56. It also appears that but a few cases have been successfully operated on.
(8) This did not stop people from getting rich peddling cures. In 1885, an American paper complained. The discovery of ‘cancer-cures’ began in the last century and has been pursued with unremitting industry to the present day. Pretenders to the possession of a specific can even now get wealthy by liberally advertising in religious weeklies; but fifty and 100 years ago they got fame and honor also. The cancer-curers have been the most numerous of all quacks. In the history of cancer therapeutics for the present century we find a long and curious list of drugs and other measures that have been put forward as specifics. Sarsaparilla, foucus helmin thocorton, juice of mancenillier, thuya occidentalis (arbor vitae), smilax, ergotin, tar, house-leek, pipsissewa, cundurango, Chian turpentine are among the vegetable remedies recommended for internal and external use.
Arsenic, aluminium, iodine, the bromides, sulphur, iron, corrosive sublimate; acetic, citric and carbolic acids; choral chromic acid, the zinc salts and caustic potash have all had their virtues extolled. Despite all, we are no nearer curing cancer than we were 100 years ago.
We can postpone death, relieve suffering, and make life more tolerable. In a small percent of cases the use of the knife removes the disease permanently; and to the knife belongs, so far, the chief triumph in the therapeutics of carcinoma. The best hopes for the future lie in discovering the causes of the development of the dread disease, and in preventing its appearance. Meanwhile cancer quacks will thrive, because man wants to live, because hope will not die and because the diagnosis of cancerine from other tumors is not always easy. Most cases of ulcerating ‘cancers’ cured by quacks have been cases of syphilis, while the other ‘cures’ are cases of non-malignant tumor. (9) Napoleon’s cancer treatment Napoleon Bonaparte died of stomach cancer on May 5, 1821, at the age of 51. (10) During the, Napoleon’s symptoms were treated with enemas, hot baths, valerian, iron, quinine, orange flower water, bloodletting, Cheltenham salts, licorice water, emetics, soup and semolina, hot towels, purgatives, barley water, tincture of opium and ether, jelly and warm wine, sulphate of magnesia, gentian, subcarbonate of potash, ether, calomel, and stomach plasters.
Napoleon was not subjected to surgery or more exotic treatments, in large part because his physician, did not accurately diagnose his patient’s illness. Antommarchi thought Napoleon was suffering from chronic hepatitis. British Army surgeon did not make a correct diagnosis either. Which raises the question So how could Napoleon survive his fictional rescue from and live beyond May 1821 in, given that he was dying of cancer at the time? While I do not subscribe to the theory that Napoleon died of arsenic poisoning (see footnote 10 below), I took advantage of it when writing the novel by assuming that if Napoleon had been spared the final doses, he might have recovered. Such are the joys of fiction. You might also enjoy:.
“A Safe and Efficacious Remedy for the Cancer,” Maryland Gazette (Annapolis, MD), Feb. “Cure for the Cancer,” The Lancaster Gazette, and General Advertiser (Lancaster, UK), Dec.
“Cure for the Cancer (From the Liverpool Courier),” Maryland Gazette and Political Intelligencer (Annapolis, MD), Aug. Daniel Dillon, “Cure for a Cancer (From the Ohio Galaxy),” Maryland Gazette and Political Intelligencer, Aug. “Cure of Cancer,” Bell’s Life in London and Sporting Chronicle (London, UK), Issue 238, Sept.
“Cancer Cured by Mesmerism,” Woolmer’s Exeter and Plymouth Gazette (Exeter, UK), Oct. Daily Central City Register (Central City, CO), Oct.
“Hospital for Cancer,” Cambridge Independent Press (Cambridge, UK), June 24, 1854. “Cancer-Cure and Cancer-Curers (From the Medical Record),” Daily Evening Bulletin (San Francisco, CA), May 9, 1885. The claim that Napoleon was killed by arsenic poisoning has been convincingly refuted in a number of scientific studies.
See, for example, and. For more about Napoleon’s stomach cancer, see UT Southwestern Medical Center, “Napoleon’s Mysterious Death Unmasked,” Science Daily, 16 January 2007, and Alessandro Lugli et al., “Napoleon Bonaparte’s gastric cancer: a clinicopathologic approach to staging, pathogenesis, and etiology,” Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Vol. 4 (2007), pp. Thomas Hindmarsh and John Savory, “The Death of Napoleon, Cancer or Arsenic?” Clinical Chemistry, Vol. 12 (December 2008), pp. For a study of Napoleon’s case presented as a modern clinicopathologic conference, see Robert E.
Gosselin, “Exhuming Bonaparte,” Dartmouth Medicine, Vol. 3 (Spring 2003), pp. Before leading the French army to victory at the on July 21, 1798, Napoleon Bonaparte rallied his troops by pointing to the distant pyramids and saying, “Soldiers, forty centuries look down upon you.” (1) Napoleon’s encounter with the pyramids during his Egyptian campaign led to at least three myths about him. John Leslie’s apparatus for cooling and freezing. Napoleon’s ice machine was a version of this. As soon as the ice machine was set up, went to inform Napoleon. He asked several questions about the process, and it was evident that he was perfectly acquainted with the principles upon which air-pumps are formed.
He expressed great admiration for the science of chemistry, spoke of the great improvements which had latterly been made in it, and observed that he had always promoted and encouraged it to the best of his power. (2) Meanwhile, in the room containing the ice machine, British Admiral found Napoleon’s companions looking at the contraption with great interest. Andrew Darling, a local upholsterer “who understood the process,” attempted to make ice. (3) O’Meara noted: In a few minutes Napoleon, accompanied by, came in and accosted the admiral in a very pleasant manner, seemingly gratified to see him. A cup full of water was then frozen in his presence in about fifteen minutes, and he waited for upwards of half an hour to see if the same quantity of lemonade would freeze, which did not succeed. Milk was then tried but it would not answer. Napoleon took in his hand the piece of ice produced from the water, and observed to me what a gratification that would have been in Egypt.
(4) Napoleon was pleased with the results. He remarked it appeared so simple he was surprised it had not been invented sooner. He said he had encouraged the study of chemistry in France; that the English had some clever men in that science, but it was not so general a study. The Admiral mentioned Sir, and Bonaparte observed he had seen him at Paris.
From his questions Bonaparte did not appear to be himself a chemist, nor did he understand it. Seemed to be best informed on these subjects. A small thermometer was put into one of the freezing-cups, to show the changes of the temperature of the water, and became frozen; Bonaparte, endeavouring to put it out by force, broke it, and seeing his awkwardness, he exclaimed, laughing, ‘That is worthy of me.’ (5) Napoleon put Gourgaud in charge of the ice machine, which was duly installed in the general’s quarters so he could conduct further experiments. Unfortunately, the only liquid the machine was able to freeze was water.
On March 4, 1817, Gourgaud wrote, “I try my hand again at ice-cream making,” but there is no record of any success. (6) For the residents of St. Helena, the miracle of ice was enough. O’Meara tells us: The first ice ever seen in St. Helena was made by this machine, and was viewed with no small degree of surprise by the yam stocks the natives of the island; some of whom could with difficulty be persuaded that the solid lump in their hands was really composed of water, and were not fully convinced until they had witnessed its liquefaction.
(7) Though Napoleon did not have any ice cream on St. Helena, he does get to enjoy some in. You might also enjoy:. “The most elegant and instructive mode of effecting artificial congelation is to perform the process under the transferrer of an air-pump. A thick but clear glass cup being selected, of about two or three inches in diameter, has its lips ground flat, and covered occasionally, though not absolutely shut, with a broad circular lid of plate glass, which is suspended horizontally from a rod passing through a collar of leather.
This cup is nearly filled with fresh distilled water, and supported by a slender metallic ring, with glass feet, about an inch above the surface of a body of sulphuric acid, perhaps three quarters of an inch in thickness and occupying the bottom of a deep glass basin that has a diameter of nearly seven inches. In this state the receiver being adapted, and the lid pressed down to cover the mouth of the cup, the transferrer is screwed to the air-pump, and the rarefaction, under those circumstances, pushed so far as to leave only about the hundred and fiftieth part of a residuum; and the cock being turned to secure that exhaustion, the compound apparatus is then detached from the pump and removed to some convenient apartment. As long as the cup is covered, the water will remain quite unaltered; but on drawing up the rod half an inch or more, to admit the play of a rare medium, a bundle of specular ice will, after the lapse of perhaps five minutes, dart suddenly through the whole of the liquid mass; and the consolidation will afterwards descend regularly, thickening the horizontal stratum by insensible gradations, and forming in its progress a beautiful transparent cake.” John Leslie, Treatises on Various Subjects of Natural and Chemical Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1838), pp. Barry O’Meara, Napoleon in Exile; or, A Voice from St. I (Philadelphia, 1822), p.
Clementina E. Malcolm, A Diary of St. Helena (1816, 1817): the Journal of Lady Malcolm, edited by Sir Arthur Wilson (London, 1899), p.
O’Meara, Napoleon in Exile, Vol. Malcolm, A Diary of St. Gaspard Gourgaud, The St.
Helena Journal of General Baron Gourgaud, 1815-1818, translated by Sydney Gillard (London,1932), p. Napoleon’s valet, corroborates the lack of success with lemonade and milk. See Louis-Joseph Marchand, In Napoleon’s Shadow (San Francisco, 1998), pp. O’Meara, Napoleon in Exile, Vol. Lest you think fake news is a recent problem, here are a few samples from the Napoleonic era. King of Rome not Napoleon’s son.
Substituted at birth? Napoleon I, Marie Louise and the King of Rome by Alexandre Menjaud, 1812 Napoleon’s only legitimate child, was born on March 20, 1811 in a particularly.
This led to reports that he was not Napoleon’s son. The Times Newspaper, June 13, 1815, has taken an extract from a French work of notorietyentitled ‘Notes to M. Lafont D’Aussonne’s Poeties Fugitives,’ wherein he endeavors to prove that the son of Napoleon is only an imposture and not from the body of Maria Louisa; stating that Buonaparte, suspecting his wife would not produce him an heir to his throne, therefore, previous to her delivery, had provided a male child ready in an adjoining apartment, should she fail as he suspected. As the author states, ‘the delivery of the Empress was extremely difficult, although the greatest precautions were taken; and there was a moment when she was supposed to be lost.’ With the permission of her ‘august spouse,’ they made use of instruments, and this skilful operation effected the delivery. The mother was saved, but the little girl which she brought into the world was dead before its birth; its body was entirely mutilated, &c. (1) Napoleon killed by Cossacks On February 21, 1814, with the armies of the pushing into France, news arrived in Dover that France had been defeated, Napoleon had been killed by a party of Cossacks, the Allies were in Paris, and the Napoleonic Wars were over.
A most criminal imposition was practiced upon the public, evidently with a view to enhance the prices of the funds, and particularly of Omnium a government bond. About 11 o’clock, an express arrived from Dover communicating information that an officer, apparently of the French staff, had landed early in the morning at that part from France, who announced, in the most positive terms, the death of Buonaparte, that the Allied Armies were in Paris, &c.; but they stated that the French officer, after communicating the substance of his dispatches to Port Admiral Foley, in order to be communicated by telegraph to the Admiralty, as soon as it was daylight had proceeded on his way to London with dispatches for Government on the subject. The Stock Exchange was instantly in a bustle. Omnium, which opened at 27½, rapidly rose to 33. Vast sums were sold in the course of the day. One broker disposed of the enormous sum of 650,000£ for his employers, which transaction, it is estimated, on a moderate calculation, produced a net profit of 16,000£. The whole account of the transfers exceeded a million and a half.
At length, after some hours had elapsed, the non-arrival of the pretended French officer began to throw discredit on the tale. Omnium gradually declined, and finally closed at 28½. (2) The next day Omnium fell back to 26½, leaving many investors with losses. The hoax became known as the., a member of Parliament and naval hero, was arrested, tried and imprisoned, along with his uncle and his financial adviser. Cochrane always maintained his innocence and was eventually pardoned. Napoleon escaped from St.
In the bedchamber of Louis XIV by Paul Philippoteaux Louis XIV divided the lever into two parts and turned each into an elaborate ceremony, governed by rules of etiquette. The petit lever happened in the king’s chamber, where a small group of favoured courtiers watched the king get out of bed and get dressed.
“Every other day we saw him shave himself; and he had a little short wig in which he always appeared, even in bed and on medicine days. He often spoke of the chase and sometimes said a word to somebody.” (2) This was followed by the grand lever, which was attended by nobles, cardinals, archbishops, ambassadors, dukes, peers, governors of provinces, marshals of France, etc.
Admission to the grand lever was considered a great favour. During this ceremony, Louis XIV finished putting on his clothes, ate a light breakfast, and said his prayers. Even if the king had gotten up early to do some hunting, he would return to bed for the start of the lever. Napoleon’s lever Napoleon adopted the tradition of the lever, but did away with people watching him get up and get dressed. Instead, he simply received people in his salon at nine a.m. First came the high officials of his household and the crown. Then it was the turn of princes and princesses, cardinals, great officers of the Empire, presidents of the bodies of State, and the chief authorities of Paris.
Napoleon used the lever as an occasion to give orders. No little stories are told, no good things repeated, no familiarity slips in, no kind expressions find a place. They are in attendance to receive orders and to hand in their reports.
The lever does not last long, as might be supposed, for there is no idle talk; and if the Emperor has a wish to get to the bottom of a question, or if some great functionary has doubtful points to submit to him, it will be at a private audience. (3) The grand lever of Louis XVIII. The opening of Napoleon’s casket on St.
Helena in October 1840, by Nicolas-Eustache Maurin The autopsy Napoleon died at 5:49 p.m. On May 5, 1821. At midnight, his servants removed him from the bed on which he had died, washed his body using cologne mixed with water, shaved him, and then returned him to the freshly made up bed.
On the afternoon of May 6, an autopsy was conducted by Napoleon’s physician, assisted by seven British doctors, including army surgeon. Nine other witnesses were present – six Frenchmen from Napoleon’s suite, and three British officers. The doctors concluded that Napoleon died from a cancerous growth in his stomach. In addition to the stomach, Antommarchi removed Napoleon’s heart, intending to comply with Napoleon’s wish that it be sent to his wife. The stomach and the heart.
Quote: O, mio babbino caro plays as a woman skates gracefully. In contrast, little is graceful and daddy is not dear in Julien’s world. His father listens to blues wearing a gas mask; dad prods, lectures, and derides Julien as well as Julien’s brother and pregnant sister, while grandma attends to her dog. Julien is different, schizophrenic. He wears gold teeth. He bowls, sings, worships, and chats with a group of young adults with disabilities. His sister’s child is probably his own.
He talks on the phone, imagining it’s his mother, who died in childbirth years before. He may be a murderer of children. From his point of view (perhaps), the film follows this odd family for a few weeks.
Language(s):English Subtitles:None.